By
Adri Drotskie, Boniface Okanga, Darelle Groenewald, and Jennifer Davis Adesegha
Johannesburg, South Africa, 25 March 2026
Referred to also as the Peninsular, India, a country of diverse cultures, religions, and languages, is surrounded by the Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, and Bay of Bengal. India also shares borders with Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Tibet and China. In a bid to reverse the declining economic performance of the 1990s, India has, since the 1990s, been undertaking several economic liberalisations. The economic recession of the 1990s was induced by the fact that after its independence, India adopted socialist policies that encouraged stronger involvement of government in the production and offering of different commercial goods and services. As such policies encouraged stronger government involvement in commercial activities, they significantly discouraged private wealth creation. In effect, stronger government control, high taxation, and retrograde financial policies that caused India’s 1990s financial crisis and economic recession were by then the common characteristics of India’s economy. It is these economic crises that provoked the implementation of economic reforms and liberalisations of the 1990s, which in turn propelled India into one of today’s global economic powerhouses.
The introduction of these liberalisation policies not only advocated for the privatisation of key economic institutions but also the promotion of foreign direct investments. It is the introduction of these economic liberalisation policies that unlocked enormous opportunities for local and foreign businesses to spur the overall pace of India’s economic growth and development. India implemented these economic reform policies in conjunction with the continuous creation of more favourable investment environments. The increased inflow of foreign direct investments further influenced the unprecedented growth of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). Effects of these were catalyzed by the increasingly innovative and entrepreneurial population of India. India, with a large market derived from its 1.15 billion people as the major sources of its resources, is also increasingly being viewed as one of the most attractive economies in the BRICS region. Besides experiencing GDP growth of 9% per annum, its forex reserves presently stand at $230 billion, which is a significant increase from $5.8 billion in 1991. Given this pace of economic growth, Goldman Sachs (2016) predicts the Indian economy will overtake that of Western Europe by 2030 and that of the US by 2050 to become the largest economy in the world after China. The year 2030 is now just at the corner and it is just a matter of time to prove if Goldman Sachs’ (2016) prediction was a reality. Nonetheless, it is these positive economic outlooks that have made India a centre of attraction for most of the contemporary business executives. However, considering that its attractiveness has rendered India a more competitive global business location, it is not possible without a PESTEL analysis to easily discern the opportunities as well as risks that await businesses that are already operating or aspiring to invest in this increasingly attractive Asian market.
Political Trends
The economic foundation of today’s thriving Indian economy was laid in the 1990s when, in a bid to reduce abject poverty among the population and inefficiencies of state corporations, the government initiated radical economic reforms. The initial focus of these reforms was deregulation of the then strongly regulated economy. Most of the legislations in then strongly regulated India’s economy placed stringent restrictions and even a complete ban on investment by foreign businesses, as well as private local businesses, in certain sectors of the economy such as telecommunications and energy. As these stringent restrictions constrained the pace of economic growth and development, the other major economic reforms entailed privatization and the increment of the horizons of economic liberalization. Privatization, which was mainly carried out in three stages that encompassed deregulation, de-reservation, and disinvestment, reduced political interference in the management of state enterprises to bolster the overall level of efficiency and productivity of businesses. It also impacted the productivity of the economy. This improved productivity of the economy was further fuelled by radical industrial reform policies of the 1990s.
Radical industrial reform policies of the 1990s initiated the reduction of industrial compulsory licensing, liberalization of foreign capital, and divestment of the crowded public sector enterprises. The industrial reforms of the 1990s also introduced provisions permitting the grant of permission for foreign technological agreements and the formation of the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIBP). Coupled with continuous incremental improvement of India’s economy, these radical reforms immediately influenced a faster pace of economic growth and development. By 2009, India’s GDP was already scoring $3.965 trillion, with annual growth of 6%. In the same year, foreign direct investment inflows reached $10.532 billion. As the economic growth skyrocketed, the incremental improvement of the investment conditions in India was further reflected in government policies that granted permission for up to 100% foreign direct investments in sectors such as construction, operation and maintenance of rail infrastructure, and investments of up to 26% to 49% in defence systems. Besides initiating mega-economic projects such as freight, industrial corridors and smart cities that serve as the manufacturing hub, the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion is also committing significant resources towards the promotion of manufacturing in different parts of the country.
Yet, in a quest that aims to grow the manufacturing sector from 16% to 25% by 2022, the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion has also initiated the “Invest India” initiative as part of the drive to promote India and attract inflows of foreign businesses from different parts of the world. These initiatives have been accompanied by the establishment of special economic zones. Following the enactment of the Special Economic Zone Act 2005, special economic zones have been recognised by the government as significant for stimulating growth of the manufacturing sector as well as the boost of business activities and job creation in different sectors that are linked to the manufacturing sector. In a bid to attract significant investments from local and international businesses, the created special economic zones offer incentives such as exemption from customs and excise duties, income tax exemption on export earnings for ten years, and exemptions from minimum alternate tax under the Income Tax Act. Businesses that are establishing in different economic zones are also exempted from dividend distribution tax under the Income Tax Act, as well as Central Sales Tax and Service Tax. Businesses that are established in special economic zones are also entitled to duty-free import and domestic procurement of products critical for the development, operation, and maintenance of the establishments in special economic zones, and external commercial borrowing up to $500 million in a year without any maturity restrictions through recognised banking channels.
However, despite the drive to create favourable investment environments, major business hurdles still arise from the complex tax policies of the Indian government. India’s taxation system is linked to a three-tier structure of government that includes union, state, and urban and rural bodies. Whereas income tax, custom duties and excise, sales, and service taxes are levied by the union government, principal taxes such as stamp duty, land revenue, state excise, entertainment duty, and professional and calling taxes are levied by the state government. Urban and rural bodies are in charge of charging and collecting a combination of several taxes, which, among others, include octroi, properties, market, and utilities’ levies. Besides the fact that these complex tax systems tend to burden most businesses, challenges also seem to arise from India’s complex labour regulations and policies that most of the manufacturers perceive as major constraints to the growth of manufacturing jobs. The drawbacks of these complex legislations and policies are further exacerbated by confusion and conflicts bedevilling land ownership in India. This is reflected in the fact that although the Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act of 2013 attempted to address conflict and confusion in land ownership that has been bedevilling the country for decades, there are still challenges affecting land ownership and transfers. This causes conflicts, confusion and disputes that have often turned out as major setbacks to the smooth establishment of certain businesses. However, despite these challenges, India still displays very positive attitudes and policies that encourage free investments from both local and international businesses.
The overall positive effects of these favourable government policies are further edified by the opportunities emerging from the economic trends unfolding in India’s market.
Economic Trends
India’s population of 1.15 billion is one of its key economic strengths that offer enormous opportunities across its various economic sectors. Given its growing middle class, this large population provides enormous markets for manufacturers of different products and commodities, as well as businesses offering, inter alia, healthcare, education, and telecommunication services. It is this large domestic market with higher domestic consumption that has rendered India less dependent on export-led growth as compared to China. This explains why, as China’s economy got hit by the decline of export prices of commodities, India’s economy instead remained unwithered. However, it is not only enormous markets for finished products that the 1.15 billion India’s population offers, but also supplies of relatively lower capital-labour ratio into the Indian resource markets. This lower capital-labour ratio, combined with lower prices of other inputs such as agricultural products, steel, and energy, has been the major driver of lower production costs and price competitiveness of most Indian-based businesses in the global markets.
Yet, as this large market drives growth and the overall attractiveness of sectors such as insurance, e-commerce, IT services for domestic banking, and mobile telecommunication services, the other economic opportunities are emerging from the extensive infrastructural developments that are being undertaken in the public sector. For private businesses, this has catalyzed the creation of enormous business opportunities for building and construction, maintenance, manufacturing and sale of construction equipment, financing and transportation technologies. High demand of the population for basic healthcare services is also increasingly driving the growth of the Indian healthcare market, which is yet unable to fill gaps emerging from the mismatch between healthcare demand and supply. In the midst of this rising demand for basic healthcare services has also been the emergence of the boost in the demand for medical drugs, hospital services, and medical equipment. This implies that enormous business opportunities still exist for the businesses in the pharmaceutical industry as well as the medical equipment manufacturing sector. In addition to these opportunities, other business opportunities are emanating from the Indian tourism sector.
Despite the fact that India draws much of its foreign exchange earnings from tourism, its tourism sector is still not that well-developed. Roads and other infrastructures leading to major tourism destinations are still not that well-developed. Yet, the increasing marketing of India as a favourable investment destination is causing a lot of interest and visits to India. Certainly, these attractive tourism trends are fuelling rising demand for hotels, restaurants, and tourism sites to spur the improvement in the overall attractiveness of the Indian hotel and hospitality industry. However, even in the wake of these rising business opportunities, there are also certain setbacks in the Indian economy that may affect the performance of businesses. One of such setbacks is reflected in a combination of several taxes that businesses that are operating in India have to pay. These taxes and mandatory contributions are linked to corporate income tax, central sales tax, social security contributions, employee state insurance contribution, and dividend tax. The other mandatory contributions and taxes include property tax, fuel tax, tax on insurance contracts, vehicle pollution tax, state VAT, excise duty, tax on interest, income surcharge, education cess, and secondary and higher education cess. In terms of their implications on businesses, these several taxes are affecting the costs of doing business in India.
These costs are further exacerbated by the constantly fluctuating interest rates, as well as inflationary situations. Presently, inflationary situations are under control, in most of the cases. However, there are frequent hikes in inflation and interest rates that respectively affect the prices of inputs, as well as the cost of capital to spur the overall increment of operational costs. Nevertheless, even in the midst of such risks, the Indian government is still seeking to leverage the overall productivity of the economy. Domestically, this is reflected in the Potential for Rural and Social System (PURA), which is being undertaken by increasing investment in critical rural socio-economic infrastructures to spawn rural socio-economic transformation. This will unlock enormous opportunities for businesses to tap the largely yet untapped India’s rural opportunities. As internationally, India has not only initiated good relationships with China but also signed several international trade agreements. This facilitates sharing of markets, as well as economic capabilities, to spur the improvement of its overall economic performance. For businesses, the positive implications of India’s signatories to international trade bodies such as WTO (World Trade Organisation), BRICS, IBRA, and ASEAN are all associated with the enlargement of the markets for their products, and ease of movement of goods and capital across such regions.
In other words, as these economic opportunities increase, so has also been the rise in the opportunities emerging from the unfolding social trends.
Social Trends
Some of India’s social trends that may cause challenges for businesses are reflected in the diversity of its population. India’s population is significantly diverse in terms of cultural, religious, and language differences. This diversity implies the population that belongs to different categories also cherish different values. This causes challenges for businesses to use mass customization as a strategy for approaching all the Indian market segments. In terms of cultural and religious differences, foods consumed by Christians are not necessarily consumed by Hindus, Christians, or Muslims. Such situations are reflected in the fact that whereas pork consumption is not prohibited by Christians, Muslims do not consume pork or food which is not “halaal”. For businesses in the hotel and hospitality industry, this suggests the use of different strategies to respond to different cultural values and tastes and preferences is a prerequisite. In terms of food, this is attributable to the fact that if appropriate strategies are not used, failure to respond to diverse unique needs may even affect the overall rate of customer attraction and retention. Quite often, Muslims may tend to shun restaurants and hotels where pork is sold, as the Hindus may avoid restaurants where cow meat is sold. For restaurants and hotels, successful operations in such markets require market segmentation to either focus only on the larger segments such as Hindus and Muslims or to alternatively take all segments, of which a strategy is developed to have a combination of different restaurants that serve foods that are tailored to the unique demands of the population in the areas where each restaurant is located.
If such strategies are not possible due to resource deficiency, then niching can be undertaken to focus only on a particular segment such as the Christian segment. Besides such complexities, the other complexities in the Indian population are linked to its age composition. In this age composition, about 63.1% of India’s 1.15 billion fall in the age group between 15 and 65 years, as 31.8% are under the age of 14, and 5.1% are aged above 65 years. This implies most of India’s population fall in the working-age groups. However, as the population ages with time, it signifies there will be increasing employment of the old to cover up the gaps that will emerge. This also suggests likely future increases in pension costs, as well as tastes and preferences for products of the aged. Besides significant reduction of labour mobility due to immobility of the aged, healthcare demand for the aged and sickly will also, with time, increase. All these imply, as businesses scramble for different business opportunities unfolding in the Indian markets, significant attention must also be paid towards assessing how, within a decade from now, such a business will be more responsive to the tastes and preferences of the relatively aged Indian population.
In terms of lifestyle, there is increasing consumption of coffee as a result of the influence of global lifestyle among the population aged above 15 years. This contrasts with the general lifestyle where production and consumption of tea is part of the general culture. Given the large number of Hindus and Muslims, Sunday is considered a leisure day in which business activities tend to go on as usual, as contrasted with Fridays that are considered the official public holiday. However, as the population ages, it is most likely that new lifestyles will certainly also emerge. Even if this suggests businesses will have to change their approaches, for now, the fact remains that India’s vast population is its key strength that offers enormous opportunities for different businesses. Its growing wealthy middle class is causing significant revolutions in the tastes and preferences of the population for more sophisticated products such as jewellery, houses, automobiles, communication handsets, health and beauty products, and, among others, fashionable clothes and shoes. This increasingly sophisticated wealthy middle class is also increasingly adopting virtual shopping in conjunction with physical shopping, which is increasingly being considered as a leisure activity. It is these changes in trends which are spurring the improvement of the attractiveness of the overall India’s online market. Yet, as such a vast population offers enormously attractive markets, the same may not be the case in the resource markets.
In the Indian resource market, there is still significant shortage of skilled labour. About 12 million of the Indian population are completely illiterate. Considering that a majority of India’s population of 1.15 billion is in the working-class group, this shortage is causing challenges for the relatively more sophisticated business sectors like IT and software development, as well as automobile engineering and manufacturing that are increasingly searching for more sophisticated talents and skills. These shortages of skills are further exacerbated by gender disparity in illiteracy rate, as well as cultural practices that either leave women at home or engaged in personal businesses. Other challenges are emanating from the increasingly highly educated Indians that opt not to work for any other organisations but for their own businesses. Such an approach is worsening the overall state of skills shortages in India. Yet, as the population increases, it is also increasingly emerging that India’s healthcare system is also struggling to meet the healthcare needs of its population. For businesses, this illustrates the opportunities in the healthcare sector, which are yet to be exploited in conjunction with the opportunities emerging from India’s technological trends.
Technological Trends
In quests to leverage the overall operational efficiency and manufacturing capabilities, most of the businesses have been committing significant funds on research and development of superior technologies. Increasingly, the manufacturers are recognizing that superior technologies not only bolster competitiveness, but also the manufacturing capabilities to respond to the larger Indian markets as well as export demand. Yet, as research and development of superior technologies unfolded in the manufacturing sector, in the medical sector, increasing investments in research and innovations have also been causing the emergence of more superior medical technologies. Among which has been the improvement of medical scanning and X-ray technologies that largely use more of information systems. The other outputs of research and innovation in the medical sector are reflected in the improvement of medical diagnostic technologies that have improved the capabilities of medical service providers to scan and diagnose different diseases with the requisite precision. These increasing investments in the improvement of medical technologies are explained by the rising demand for quality healthcare among the Indian population. Such rise in demand is also fuelled by the rise in the demand for cheaper Indian medical technologies in most of the developing countries. Investments in IT and software development have also been increasing, with the effect that so far IT and software development have been fetching about $5.4 billion in export earnings since 2012. India’s pace of technological evolutions is also further instigated by the research and development of different technologies for generating energy from different sources such as coal, solar, ethanol and water.
Increasing investment in energy-generating technologies is induced by the increasing energy shortages that the Indian industrial sector faces. Extensive energy demand by different sectors of the economy has caused energy shortages in different parts of the country. However, even in the midst of such increasing shortages of energy, the pace of technological evolution in India is still quite fast. While also considering that consumers are increasingly becoming tech-savvy, new technologies often emerge and get phased out so quickly. This causes challenges for businesses on the basis that constant technological upgrades or even replacement of old technologies with new ones is critical for maintaining a business’ overall level of competitiveness. India uses 3G and 4G technologies in most of its technological development projects, with the effect that, following the emergence of its IT sector as one of the strongest in the world, India has been experiencing constant faster IT development and software upgrades. Some of the results of its faster technological progress and advancement have been reflected in the recent attempt to launch satellites into space. This increasing improvement of India’s technological advancement is attributable to the increment in the number of foreign direct investors that are committing enormous resources towards superior technological research and innovations.
However, the opportunities emerging from such advancement in superior technologies as well as heavy industrialization are yet being constrained by threats unfolding from India’s ecological environment.
Ecological Trends
Faster pace of industrialization and the increasing emergence of different economic activities that are fuelling the overall faster pace of India’s economic growth and development are also causing significant damage to India’s ecological environment. The emergence of activities such as the construction of vast public infrastructure such as roads, economic hubs, and industrial centres are causing deforestation as well as interference with water catchments. As these ecological damages unfold, India is already beginning to experience the pinch of the symptoms of climate change that are latent in the change in the patterns of rainfall. Because of the patterns of rainfall change, most parts of India have been experiencing either significant long periods of lack of rainfall that cause droughts, or long periods of heavy torrential rainfall that cause floods and destruction of property as well as crops.
Yet, as floods occur, it becomes difficult to move finished goods as well as capital goods from one location to another. This destroys manufacturing goods and facilities. Destroyed or damaged manufacturing facilities render it difficult for businesses to respond to different market needs. These economic drawbacks of the changes in climate and weather are further exacerbated by the emergence of the devastating effects of pollution emerging from different industries that are affecting almost all sectors of India’s economy. The major sources of India’s pollution are from sectors such as energy, mining, cement, automobile and chemical industries.
The energy industry has been quite responsible for the increasing greenhouse gas emissions that are arising from the increasing energy demand as well as per capita energy consumption. This deteriorating air quality is further compounded by the high levels of carbon emissions from coal processing plants as well as the increasing coal usage as a source of energy in different industries and households. Other sources of air pollution are linked to the burning of fossil fuels, as well as sulphur dioxide emerging from the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum. Risks of high levels of air pollution are also emerging from illegal mining and less efficient industrial processes undertaken as part of cost minimization strategies, especially in the cement manufacturing industry. Yet, as enormous pollution from industries affects India’s water and air, automobile emissions are emerging as the other significant sources of air pollution that constitute about a third of air pollution in most urban areas. In effect, India’s Central and State Pollution Control Boards, in conjunction with different pressure groups and non-governmental organisations, have been introducing regulatory measures in a move that seeks to significantly reduce the level of air pollution. These initiatives are being accompanied by education and use of public awareness programmes to herald the importance of minimizing air pollution as well as the negative environmental and health effects of air pollution. This mounting pressure has, however, caused the emergence of a significant increase in the demands for air pollution and control equipment such as air purifiers, air filters, pollution masks, and pollution detection equipment.
For businesses involved in the manufacturing, distribution and sale of such equipment, the emergence of such situations offers enormous opportunities that need to be exploited. However, even in the midst of the initiatives of India’s Central and State Pollution Control Boards to reduce air pollution, it seems not much is being achieved. This is accentuated in the fact that trends from agriculture imply ammonia emerging from different agricultural activities is still a major atmospheric pollutant, just as the release of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and organic compounds from the manufacturing industries, or dust and chemicals from mining operations. Quite often, these are accompanied by chemical leaks that sink underground to affect the overall quality of underground fresh drinking water. In effect, considering that although India yet has a low per capita greenhouse gas emission, it is still the world’s third-largest air polluter after the United States and China.
In effect, significant policy and legislative measures are being introduced to improve the control and reduction of all types of pollution and environmental damage caused by businesses. Among these initiatives has been the improvement of the application of the provisions of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981, as amended in 1987, to prevent, control, and abate air pollution. This Act also permits the government to declare any location as an air pollution control area or even to prevent a business from establishing or continuing to operate any industrial plant without the consent of the State Pollution Control Board. In terms of the implications for businesses, this suggests a business that does not comply may face the risk of closure. This affects a business’ response to its customer needs as well as the minimization of wastes and losses that may arise to affect the overall extent to which they are able to achieve their business goals and objectives.
Besides exercising functions that prevent, control, and abate air pollution, the State Pollution Control Board also agitates for the reduction of solid wastes, formulation and implementation of environmental legislations, promotion of the introduction of cleaner fuel such as gaseous fuel, promotion of cleaner production processes, and taxation of polluting vehicles. In a bid to implement these functions as well as the provisions of the Environmental Protection Act, these suggest businesses are most likely to face external interference by environmentalists into their internal operations. Among these is the enforceability to ensure environmental impact assessments are undertaken prior to being issued with permits. Increased external interference into internal affairs of businesses may affect the operational efficiencies of different businesses to impact negatively on their cost minimization drives as well as competitiveness. This suggests improved compliance by businesses with all environmental regulations, in conjunction with the adoption of operational methods and technologies that minimize ecological damage, is critical for leveraging a business’ overall operational efficiency. However, as businesses incur some hefty costs in such quests, they must also be prepared to deal with the costs of compliance with the other legislations and regulations prevailing in India’s legal environment.
Legal Trends
Despite the enormous opportunities unfolding in the Indian markets, India is a strongly regulated market that requires a lot of initiatives from business executives to meet the costs and burdens of compliance. However, in these strongly regulated markets, there are not only costs and risks of non-compliance, but also opportunities caused by the ease of doing business as rendered by the existing legislations. This is explained by the fact that in terms of a business’ establishment, regulations such as the Companies Act 2013 tend to render it easy for businesses to be registered without much bureaucratic requirements. This contrasts with Brazil, where the type of the business as well as the process of business establishment may tend to be strongly vetted by the states. Even though there are stronger controls, almost all sectors in India are open for investments by both the local and foreign businesses. Such opportunities certainly offer India with advantages over Brazil, where foreign investments in certain sectors such as health, security, and media are strongly restricted or controlled. However, even if it seems India is a free market economy, there are also regulations such as the Foreign Direct Investment Regulations 2000, issued by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
Regulations restrict investments in certain sensitive areas. These sensitive areas that may cause political security or social security include atomic energy, rail operations, gambling and betting, manufacturing and sale of the substitutes of cigars, cheroots, cigarillos, cigarettes and tobacco. As businesses get established in the permitted sectors such as infrastructure development, manufacturing of food, clothes and shoes or ammunition manufacturing, all foreign direct investments are required to meet insurance costs of up to 49% as per the FDI cap introduced by the Insurance Regulation and Development Authority (IRDA). The Finance Act 2016, has introduced new regulations that unlock more opportunities for foreign direct investors by increasing the scope of eligible instruments to include transactions in convertible instruments or redeemable instruments such as preference shares and debentures. It also permits FDI investments in unlisted debt securities. The effects of these newly introduced opportunities are enhanced by the introduction of the Black Money Act 2015 that mainly focuses on the local Indian businesses that have undertaken offshore investments as a strategy of tax avoidance. The Black Money Act 2015 offers windows for all Indian businesses to disclose all offshore investments that were previously undisclosed. In the event of failure within the given window periods, the Black Money Act 2015 attracts a penalty of up to 90% of the undisclosed assets, 30% tax, and rigorous lengthy imprisonment. Meanwhile, the new Companies Act 2013 requires all mergers between Indian businesses and foreign-based businesses to be registered with the Reserve Bank of India, as the Competition Act 2002, which replaced the Monopoly and Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1969 strongly legislates against anti-competitive agreements, abuse of dominant positions, and a combination of mergers, amalgamations and takeovers.
The Competition Commission of India (CCI) closely monitors compliance with these provisions, of which in case of non-compliance, drastic consequences are often recommended. Besides the restrictive provisions of the Competition Act 2002, the provisions of labour regulations contained in the Factories Act 1948 also place significant burdens on businesses. The Factories Act 1948 strongly requires businesses to provide the employees with the healthy and safe working environments and conditions, as well as overtime and leave due to the employees.
Due to the increasing abuse and exploitation of workers, businesses’ compliance with the Factories Act 1948 is closely monitored and enforced in case of non-compliance. Such stricter monitoring and controls are also exercised in terms of monitoring and enforcing compliance with the other labour regulations contained in the Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act 1970, Maternity Benefit Act 1961, Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act 1996, Payment of Wages Act 1936, Equal Remuneration Act 1976, and Payment of Bonus Act 1965. As these labour regulations pose significant compliance burdens on businesses, the Consumer Protection Act of 1969 also strongly legislates against exploitation of the consumers, as well as manufacturing or sale of products that affect the health and safety of the population. In other words, all these illustrate some of the opportunities as well as risks unfolding in India’s legal environment.
Excerpt from a Book Titled “Business Environment and Opportunities in Emerging Markets: Trends from Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa & Africa” authored by Boniface Okanga, Adri Drotskie and Jennifer Davis Adesegha, and as a Postdoctoral Study Sponsored by the University of Johannesburg in 2016 on the Analysis of the Political Economy of the BRICS’ nations.
Citation: Drotskie, A.,Okanga, B., Groenewald, D., & Adesegha, J.D. (2026). India: A Case of Economic Liberalization as a Driver of Economic Productivity and Growth. London: Elicitor.
